08 February 2024
Alex Miller
Clojure 1.12.0-alpha6 is now available! Please read the release notes below.
Clojure is a hosted language and fully embraces that host including the Java Virtual Machine, the JDK (Java Development Kit), and interop with Java APIs. Over the last decade, all of these have seen significant evolution and Java APIs are increasingly using recent Java features like streams, functional interfaces, and lambdas.
Clojure 1.12 delivers significant enhancements to Java interop focusing on three main areas:
Clojure programmers often want to use Java methods in higher-order functions (e.g. passing a Java method to map). Until now, this has required programmers to manually wrap methods in functions. This is verbose, and might require manual hinting for overload disambiguation, or incur incidental reflection or boxing.
With this release, programmers can now use Java qualified method symbols as ordinary functions in value contexts - the compiler will automatically generate the wrapping function. Method symbols signifying values must resolve to a single method at compile time, using the new qualified method symbols and/or :param-tags metadata as necessary.
Qualified method symbols have value semantics when used in non-invocation positions:
Classname/method - value is a Clojure function that invokes a static or instance method
Classname/new - value is a Clojure function that invokes a constructor
See: CLJ-2793
Class/method and Class/newJava members inherently exist in a class. For methods as values we need a way to explicitly specify the class of an instance method because there is no possibility for inference.
The Classname/method syntax can now be used for static methods and instance methods, and Classname/new for constructors, in both invocation and value position. Class qualifiers may be either full class names or imported "short" class names. In all cases other than static method invocation, the combination of Class, method name and :param-tags must unambiguously resolve to exactly one method. Given a fully resolved qualified method symbol, the compiler does no inference from target type, arg types or arity and reflection will not occur.
Note: Static fields are values and should be referenced without parens unless they are intended as function calls, e.g (System/out) should be System/out. Future Clojure releases will treat the field’s value as something invokable and invoke it.
See: CLJ-2806
When using methods as values, only the class and method names are provided in the symbol, if the method is overloaded the parameter types must be provided to resolve to one specific method.
:param-tags metadata can now be supplied on qualified method symbols to specify the signature of a single desired method ('resolving' it). The :param-tags metadata is a vector of zero or more tags: [… tag …]. A tag is any existing valid :tag metadata value. Each tag corresponds to a parameter in the desired signature (arity should match the number of tags). Parameters with non-overloaded types can use the placeholder _ in lieu of the tag.
A new metadata reader syntax ^[ … ] attaches :param-tags metadata to member symbols, just as ^tag attaches :tag metadata to a symbol.
See: CLJ-2805
Clojure supports class symbols both as a value (for class object) and as a type hint, but has not provided syntax for array classes other than strings.
Clojure now provides array class symbols, comprising the name of the array component type: primitive, fully-qualified class, or import class, followed by an asterisk for each dimension of the array (1 or more). Array class symbols can be used as type hints, or as values that resolves to the corresponding array class object.
Examples: String*, java.lang.String*, long**.
See: CLJ-2807
Note: this will be available in a future alpha.
Many JDK and Java library APIs now take "functional interfaces" - Java interfaces with a single method that can act as functions (these are marked with the @FunctionalInterface annotation). Prior to 1.12, Clojure programmers, when invoking Java methods or constructors that take functional interfaces, had to wrap IFns in an adapter (via reify).
Now the compiler will implicitly convert Clojure IFns to the required interface. To avoid repeated conversion in an inner loop, you can explicitly coerce an IFn to a functional interface in a let binding by hinting the binding name. As an optimization, method values are directly adapted without conversion to IFn.
See: CLJ-2799
Calling methods that take a Supplier (a method that supplies a value) required writing an adapter with reify. Clojure has a "value supplier" interface with syntactic support already - IDeref. All IDeref impls (delay, future, atom, etc) now implement the Supplier interface directly.
See: CLJ-2792
Java APIs increasingly return Streams, which are hard to consume because they do not implement interfaces that Clojure already supports, and hard to interop with because Clojure doesn’t directly implement Java functional interfaces.
Clojure now provides these functions to interoperate with streams in an idiomatic manner, all functions behave analogously to their Clojure counterparts:
(stream-seq! stream) ⇒ seq
(stream-reduce! f [init-val] stream) ⇒ val
(stream-transduce! xf f [init-val] stream) ⇒ val
(stream-into! to-coll [xf] stream) ⇒ to-coll
All of these operations are terminal stream operations (they consume the stream).
See: CLJ-2775
Java collections provide streams via "spliterators", iterators that can be split for faster parallel traversal. PersistentVector now provides a custom spliterator that supports parallelism, with greatly improved performance.
See: CLJ-2791
CLJ-2777 - clojure.java.process/start - add :clear-env option to clear env vars from parent environment
CLJ-2828 - clojure.java.process/capture - removed, use slurp instead
CLJ-1162 - deref - improve error message when called on non IDRef
CLJ-2225 - assert and *assert* - improve docstrings to add context
CLJ-2290 - into - add 0- and 1-arity to docstring
CLJ-2552 - reify - improve docstring and fix example
CLJ-2640 - ex-info - now handles nil data map
CLJ-2783 - replace calls to deprecated URL constructor